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The foreign exchange market is grappling with the latest escalation in global trade tensions, as President Trump moves forward with sweeping tariff hikes targeting Canada, Mexico, and China. These measures, which now impose a 25% levy on most imports from Canada and Mexico—except for energy imports taxed at 10%—have put additional strain on the Canadian dollar (CAD) and Mexican peso (MXN). The USD/CAD pair has surged past 1.4500, while USD/MXN hovers near 21.00. Although the immediate impact on these currencies has been relatively moderate, markets remain cautious, hoping that the tariffs may not remain in place for long. However, if these trade barriers persist, they could significantly dampen economic activity in both Canada and Mexico, pressuring their central banks to consider deeper rate cuts to offset the downturn.
Retaliation and Global Implications
In response to these tariffs, Canada has rolled out a two-phase retaliatory strategy, with a 25% duty on CAD30 billion worth of US imports already in effect. In three weeks, the second phase will kick in, covering an additional CAD125 billion, targeting major sectors like automobiles, steel, and aluminium. Prime Minister Trudeau has made it clear that these countermeasures will remain in place unless the US reverses its course, even hinting at non-tariff barriers such as restricting American firms from government contracts.
China has also stepped up its retaliatory stance, introducing fresh tariffs of up to 15% on key US agricultural products, including poultry and cotton. Additionally, Beijing has placed ten US companies on its unreliable entity list, signalling a further deterioration in US-China trade relations. The market is watching closely for any stimulus measures from China, with expectations that authorities may allow the renminbi (CNY) to weaken further against the US dollar to mitigate the impact.
A Structural Shift in Global Trade?
With Trump's latest trade measures, there is growing concern that his administration is engineering a more permanent realignment of the global trading system. Upcoming tariff hikes include:
- 25% tariffs on steel and aluminium imports (March 12)
- 25% duties on EU imports (April 2)
- Tariffs on autos, pharmaceuticals, and semiconductors (April 2)
- Additional unspecified duties on imports from April 2 onward, including tariffs on copper in November
The US Department of Agriculture has already projected that the country's agricultural trade deficit will hit a record $49 billion this year, reflecting the broader economic consequences of these protectionist policies.
Market Sentiment and Currency Reactions
Despite recent USD softness, the structural shift in US trade policy has reinforced support for the dollar. The EUR/USD pair, which had been buoyed by optimism surrounding a potential ceasefire in Ukraine and increased government spending in Europe, strongly climbed above 1.0500. However, the outlook for the euro remains fragile, with long-term yield spreads now tilting in favour of the greenback.
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As markets assess the broader implications of these developments, investors remain on edge. The Federal Reserve’s stance, upcoming macroeconomic data, and geopolitical risks will all play a crucial role in determining the next moves in the FX space. For now, the world watches closely to see whether these tariffs mark a short-term disruption—or the beginning of a new global trade order.
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